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Piazza Navona and woman Olympia, Pope Joan and perfidious "pimpaccia"

IERI E OGGI. Oggi è bella solo quando è del tutto deserta, nelle fredde notti d’inverno battute dalla tramontana. Altrimenti ci fa un po’ vergognare, finta, turistica e volgare com’è, con la paccottiglia di plastica del cattivo gusto e i pessimi dolci sulle bancarelle di Natale, e i quadri kitsch per turisti stupidi che amano essere ingannati. Ci vorrebbe una nuova crudele Donna Olimpia per cacciare via non solo i mercanti di robaccia, ma anche i tanti turisti e abitanti che la frequentano e l’insozzano, e non meritano le bellezze della piazza e del centro storico.

LA VERA PIAZZA DI ROMA. Eppure, nella città dalle cento piazze, dal Campidoglio a campo de’ Fiori, da piazza del Popolo a piazza Colonna, dalle più grandi alle più nascoste e piccole come cortili, una sola è stata la vera “piazza di Roma”, dove popolo, mercanti, preti e nobili hanno recitato ogni giorno mettendo in piazza la loro vita, la vita di Roma: piazza Navona.
Nella Roma dei papi descritta dal Belli la piazza fu sempre il luogo games and entertainment publications such as the abundance, the raffle, bingo, and theater performances, amusement rides (historical edition of the tournament was a great del Saracino) and performances by acrobats. But it was also the place chosen by the nobles to perform "strolling" in the carriage, and the little people to meet, appointments, contracts or express political views and protests. "Natural" at this crossroads that the guards forced the Pope to stay vigilant and would lay a platform for the punishment. Sometimes, as in 1702, intervened the "cops" to dissolve the groups of "those who wanted to talk to assemble new." Under the Pope-King, as in all dictatorships, no rallies permitted are prohibited. Here, of course, during the riots of the Risorgimento, liberal exhibited the flag in defiance of the police.

TOGETHER AND MARKET THEATRE. Even in the early Renaissance, the square was an ugly and long clay court (see image # 4). From 1477 he began to tenervisi a busy market day in fruits, vegetables and other foods, and weekly (on Wednesday) even tools, old things, used books and moon, these very fashionable in the nineteenth century. The show, therefore, was assured.
herbs, junk dealers and scavengers Jews with the cart, the peasants with baskets of figs and grapes on the donkey, baskets with vegetables and eggs, storpi, gli acrobati e i questuanti, le guardie civiche con gli alti chepì, il grido dell’arrotino, i cavalli, i nobili in carrozza, le balle di fieno accatastate accanto alle fontane, i preti con cappelloni e breviario, gli escrementi degli animali, il banchetto dello scrivano, il barbiere ambulante, i turisti inglesi e tedeschi col Baedeker in mano, il passeggio delle dame eleganti con l’ombrellino, i bambini a piedi nudi (ma anche i gelatai e cocomerai), il vociare delle popolane, i litigi e i tafferugli, i tavoli affollati delle trattorie, le feste, la musica all’aperto, la tombola (finiva sempre male, con feriti e arresti), le processioni, le maschere di Carnevale, le sfilate delle carrozze nell’acqua summer to see and be seen, the meeting, the gossip, even the sadistic spectacle of flogging in the square (the stage of the stand erected in front of St. Agnes in perpetual reminder of the people), everything, in short, has shaped the realistic, colorful, with good-natured and cruel, the Roman people.
In 1651 Pope Innocent X, Pamphilij, who had the most beautiful building in Piazza Navona, on the advice of the sister in law Donna Olimpia, wanted to transform the square into a backdrop for the luxury of the noble carriage rides. He ordered, therefore, to change zone "Fruttarol, Regalado, booksellers, vendors, and others of different Robbie", and many will even sent to prison. Many protests were repressed with imprisonment and torture. Especially as the costs of expensive works were huddled in the form of heavy taxes on the people. Belli gives a quick sketch of the square in s. Piazza Navona: Piazza Navona

If my little ffregà Ppiazza-
Navona and St. Peter and dde dde Piazza de Spaggna.
Cuesta nun is a square, is a campaggna,
a treàto, fairs, gaiety.
Go 'in the dda the Pulinara Corzo,
curri from the a la Corza Cuccaggna:
eg tAll find stuff that iff maggna, eg
tAll ggente the door on.
Cqua cce I know ttre ffuntane inarberate:
cqua Gujjar who looks for a una sentenza:
cqua se fa er lago cuanno torna istate.
Cqua ss’arza er cavalletto che ddispenza
sur culo a cchi le vò ttrenta nerbate,
e ccinque poi pe la bbonifiscenza.
Roma, 1° febbraio 1833

Versione . Piazza Navona. Può ridersene, piazza Navona, di San Pietro e piazza di Spagna. Questa non è una piazza, è una campagna, un teatro, una fiera, un’allegria. Và da piazza S.Apollinare alla Corsia Agonale, corri dalla Corsia a via della Cuccagna: dappertutto troverai cose che si mangiano, dappertutto gente che le porta via. Qua ci sono tre fontane ritte come alberi: qua c’è una guglia [l’obelisco] that looks like a decision: you here when the lake back in the summer. Here you turn up the stage at the stand which dispenses to those who deserved it thirty lashes on the buttocks, plus five for the charity.

DOMIZIANO HAD BEGUN. If there was, in short, a square in Rome where daily life has become theater, this is the long perimeter reconstructed on the steps of what was born as a monument to the show, even sports, the great old stadium Domitian. It was 276 long and 54 meters wide, and could hold around 30,000 spectators, and was dedicated to athletics and in particular to the races. Opened in 86 AD was restored in the third century. by Alexander Severus. With the advent of Christianity and obscurantist moralist (not different from the Islam of today), who despised the body, physical fitness and hygiene, the stadium of Domitian fell into disuse, and its marble was looted to build churches and palaces. Already in the thirteenth century on his steps began to be erected the first houses of the powerful Roman baronial families, which were to form the "Platea (Piazza) Agonale" or "Agony" from the greek agon (race, wrestling, sports competition ). From "agon" deformation of the populace in times when there were no plates place names became first a "swede" and finally "Navona. But the ships have nothing to do. And by that stage, decorated with statues, is called the nearby statue of Pasquino, the remains of a Hellenistic group which is perhaps Menelaus holding the body of Patroclus.

PIAZZA WAS A BAD AND DIRTY. What was the ancient Piazza Navona? It was ugly and desolate for centuries, as evidenced by the old pictures of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. He was a great clay court, concave, not artistic, but drinkers. It was paved with bricks in 1485, paved in 1488. Only since 1870, a united Italy, when the Liberals came from Piedmont, was covered with cobblestones, equipped with a rising middle that made it convex. and sidewalks.
In the sixteenth century there was transferred to the vegetable market in Campo de 'Fiori. And imagine the chaos, the shacks and tents of the merchants (the evidence of various prints), the carts of street vendors, the ugliness and dirt. Until he was fitted with three simple non-artistic fountains (Pope Gregory XIII Boncompagni), including a watering hole for many animals that - not too unlike the "animals" of today - attended.

For centuries, therefore, Piazza Navona was dirty, smelly, full of refuse, baskets and bags, straw, animal and animal remains, degraded, with its architectural perspective disfigured by marquees, stalls and shacks.
Who cleaned? Donna Olimpia. By the will of the "cruel" Olympia woman, who had obtained the Pamphili palace as a gift from the Pope's brother, and wanted to make "his" place of the living city, as if a jewel staff, noisy and dirty market was transferred back to the field de 'Fiori. And he did well. We understand the bossy woman who drove from Olympia Square merchants, gardeners, farmers and butchers that animated, but also pollute the beautiful fountains, and animal waste of any kind.
But, as is the case today, the discontent "corporate" of merchants and people were such as to oblige the pope to restore the vegetable market, albeit with unheard "severe laws "hygiene and decorum of the square. The fact is that the market in Piazza Navona there was up to 60 years of the twentieth century, when the square was very poor, crowded and full of parked cars. There one could see nor fountains, nor the buildings. Long live the existing pedestrian island!

At the time Bell was the new "market place" larger and noisier of Rome, especially on Wednesday turned into a chaotic and colorful fair where they sold everything. But the odd sonnet Er market of Piazza Navona no mention of popular items such as warmers, rendered, distaff, shawls, hats, saws, hammers, pots and coffee pots, and instead focuses just think, 'on the books, that the populace did not know at all.

Yet another test, this time by subject and language, the difference in the Belli between "popular" and "folksy" enough to support the argument that the sonnets are not merely, as instead he asserts, a "portrait of people ", but most of the self-Belli, erudite and petty-bourgeois, who writes à la manière d and, hiding behind the Roman populace:

ER MARKET PLACE DE NAVONA
Wednesday to lessen its mmercato , ggente mine
sce Siino old chestnuts and box,
scavengers, sweepers, bbicchierari,
stracciaroli and ttant'antre marcanzie, there ggnente
nun by day. But de ste Scanzio
pounds, and libbracci sti and sti libbrari,
CCE vienghen 'to FFA? CCOSI sc'impari
so many pounds and ttante libbrarie? You
pijja a pound to ppanza, vacant and held for ddoppo
that ll'hai cquarc'ora in hand, say me
s'hai hunger ss'hai maggnato too. What
ppredicava er to the Mission priests?
"Li rrobba zo pound not a Christian:
fijji to CCAR, nnu read them."
(March 20, 1834)

version. The market in Piazza Navona. That the Wednesday market, my friends, there are no sellers of scrap iron and boxes, junk dealers, street cleaners, glass, stracciaroli and many other goods, there's nothing to say. But these shelves of books, and these and these LIBRACCIO booksellers, what are doing? What you learn from many books and many libraries? Get a book on an empty stomach, and after you've taken a few hours in hand, tell me if you're hungry or if you have eaten too much. The priest who preached to the Catechism? "Books are not a Christian thing: children, for heaven's sake, do not read them."

THE MARKET OF BOOKS AND CULTURE FOR THE CHURCH. Books on the Roman Catholic Apostolic reactionary clergy had much to say, and warned young people the catechism from reading the printed word. Because, you know, the press insinuates doubts, makes one think for themselves, debunked the myths, he discovers the lies, spread new ideas, right or wrong they are. Well. is like the Devil: "Children, do not read books!" It's like listening to a politician now pilloried by the press for some of its flaw: "Do not read the newspapers." They are imbued with hatred and factionalism. " So was and is for the Church.
immediately obvious that the cultural attitude of the Catholic Church is diametrically opposed to that of Protestants and Jews, or by reading staff, direct interpretation of habit Lyrics sacred, not necessarily mediated by the caste of priests, and then culture in general, have always made it a daily practice. Indeed, historians of ideas attach to this very ability to read and comment on their own, in short, this individualistic cultural revolution, not only the source of the Protestant Reformation, but also of the same liberalism. That's why a Catholic people in Rome 800 could neither read nor write, or rather was required by the Church - especially the women-in the most shameful ignorance, while Protestants and Jews could read and were on average much more educated. A difference that explains everything because of the backwardness of the Italian Church.

But the beauty which side he is? The fact is that in this sonnet, in which Piazza Navona is just a backdrop, an excuse, Belli effectively describes a typical Roman character, which affects all, black people and nobility. And in his well-known ambiguity, as often happens in the Sonnets, it's not clear "which side he is." It seems, indeed, on the surface, making the satire, irony, or rather anti-Church, but the best is still the man who will head the Vatican's censorship, strict and unforgiving canceller plays, novels and plays (even Shakespeare and Verdi), for more fallen into a sullen, gloomy, hopeless pathological pessimism. So the suspicion that in this "No books" and freedom of culture there is already Belli in a sort of sadistic pleasure between the lines, indeed, a shadow of identification could be based.

THE PIAZZA, Baroque masterpiece. But back to Piazza Navona. A baroque masterpiece of urban open space was the only Pope Innocent X (Giovanni Battista Pamphili), which in the eleven years of the papacy (1644-55) made with the symbol of the greatness of the house and the living room of the city, the center of life Roman, starting from the family residence, the great palace Doria Pamphili, the Moro front of the fountain and near the church of S. Agnese. The Rainaldi and Borromini enlarged and restored e abbellirono il palazzo, la chiesa e le costruzioni attigue, mentre il Bernini realizzò la decorazione di due delle tre fontane del 500, per renderle artistiche e imponenti. Ma solo nell’Ottocento, col completamento da parte di artisti minori della fontana a nord, quella “dei delfini”, il magnifico colpo d’occhio barocco della piazza, con le sue guglie e le sue imprevedibili linee curve, poteva dirsi perfetto. un continuum architettonico irripetibile, ben superiore alla somma dei singoli monumenti.

LA FONTANA DEI QUATTRO FIUMI. La fontana dei Quattro Fiumi al centro della piazza ha quattro statue (il Danubio, il Gange, il Nilo e il Rio della Plata) che rappresentano i quattro fiumi più lunghi and the four corners of the Earth. The obelisk, found in the Circus of Maxentius on the Appian Way stretched with a base of a towering cliff of travertine statues and lions. The architect Bernini if \u200b\u200bthe award, instead of Borromini, who had been assigned at first by the ruse of the gift to the powerful woman Olympia, sister and heard Councillor of Pope Innocent X. Gave her a sketch-model in silver. The Pope could see, he said, apartments in Olympia with her and decided to entrust the job to Bernini. The rest was the same Donna Olimpia to propose Rainaldi for the refurbishment of the building. The fountain was inaugurated in 1651, but was financed with new taxes on the owners House and unpopular tax on bread, wine and other foodstuffs, which hit the poor.

AN ARCHITECT against each other. Bernini, Borromini and the collision? Part of it is legend. Of course, one of the great architects Bernini and Borromini was certainly professional competition, of course, and stylistic contrast, the grandiloquent, grandiose style is round and the first (Roman from Naples), the introverted, eccentric, and Nordic lover of peaks and concave sides is the second (a native of Milan, Lugano, Switzerland Italian). But the story told by all the guidebooks, that Bernini fountain in the raised hand of the statue of the Nile would significare il timore che la prospiciente chiesa di S.Agnese, del Borromini possa cadere da un momento all’altro, è pura invenzione. La chiesa fu ricostruita dal Borromini intorno al 1653 e poi completata dal figlio del Rainaldi nel 1672, mentre la fontana del Bernini era già in costruzione dal 1648 al 1651.

BELLI: PIU’ GRANDE DEL MONUMENTO L'IRONIA SUL POPOLINO. Il Belli nel sonetto Er funtanone de piazza Navona è attratto, come al solito, più dalla plebe attorno che dal monumento in sé. Parla di un fatto di cronaca insignificante, non si sa se vero o inventato: un tumulto popolare per l’aumento dei prezzi alimentari, e una sassata che avrebbe troncato di netto il pollice d’una statua della fontana dei Quattro Fiumi del Bernini, lasciando la mano con quattro dita. Ammesso e non concesso che ciò sia accaduto, oggi il danno non è più visibile. Resta il sospetto dell'ironia sul popolino e il suo scontento. La solita riduzione delle grandi cose a cose minute. La conclusione è irriverente: le quattro dita (anzi, il numero 4) significano secondo la cabala e le superstizioni del popolino romano, nientemeno che il membro virile. Per cui l’epiteto “faccia de quattro”, usato in un altro sonetto belliano, sarebbe un’insultante “faccia di cazzo” (F.Ravaro, Dizionario romanesco , Newton Compton 2005, p.511). A questo punto, la sibillina expression that ends the sonnet, "four der fuck" should be viewed as a reinforcement dell'ingiurioso Roman epithet:

... CCOR a puppet Serchio cquer
je er fesceno tailor nnetto detonate. About
body to a budding food retailers, who in a boyfriend: That Shakes cquell'omo
but have compiled er ar funtanone
think ddic: A vvoi, four der shit!
September 10, 1830

version. With a stone that blew up the statue's thumb. Who is to blame for an old man, who in a child: but the fact is that the man of the fountain seems to say: A you fucking four (dickheads!)

THE TWO MINOR FOUNTAINS. In 1653 he changed the Bernini fountain in the south, designed by Della Porta in 1575, adding a dolphin who was holding a snail on the tail lift. The composition did not like and people protested, Bernini's bust then we climbed a dark petting a dolphin. It was nicknamed the Fountain of the Moor. The sculptures of the fountain to the north, that of Neptune (formerly "of calderari" because these craftsmen gathered around), is working very late, in 1873, made after regular contest by Rome "piemontesizzata" and liberal . It must be said that the taste of little known sculptors Zappalà (Nereids, cherubs and sea horses) and Della Bitta (Neptune fight with an octopus), which are so well admiring the Baroque, has little or nothing to envy the author of the twin fountains, the great Bernini.

LAKE Piazza Navona. Before it was built on raised platforms and the central level (end 800), the square was concave and lent itself to be flooded to make cool summer days. " S'atturava funtana in middle of the sewer - remember Zanazzo - and the square that was made to come down, all s'allagava . For nearly two centuries, from 1652 on Saturdays and Sundays in August Piazza Navona is transformed into a lake. The event involving everyone from nobles to peasants go there in a carriage, and was then magnified in popular memory and handed down as a reporter in the reporter up to becoming almost a legend. Sure, he was also the scene, according to the taste too much of the Baroque. Real races and glitz of inventions involving the aristocratic families, who sometimes did theatrically "sail the waters" by carriages shaped gondolas or boats made of wood and cardboard, some with sails and oars, musicians and sirens. Children and even adults of the people you put out for a swim, play and make jokes, having stripped, so that an edict forbade undress to get into the water. With the usual hurry up and inhuman methods, the justice of the priests inflicted whipping children, but for an adult who "put the naked or underwear for bathing and noted," there was torture in public on the "stand" in the same square or in the Course. With the same penis jokes were hit are often the youngsters against the nobles who took their cool. Sadist with a taste of the Marquis del Grillo, it is said that in 1730 the son of the King of England is amused to throw coins into the water to see the kids jump into the water dressed vying to redraw. A little 'as would happen later in the Trevi Fountain. In 1717 some ladies "perhaps warmed by wine, spogliatisi dived (!) In those waters." One was taken ill and fell into the water was saved by some people gettatesi dressed in water. And a horse of the Marquis Corbelli drowned there, because the leg joints in a hole and fell into the water. These details are described in words exaggerated and reported uncritically by the usual commentators have fueled the legend, absurd because it is contrary to all prints of the time, that water could reach at least one point near the height of a man, a meter and beyond. And 'We believe, however, given the structure of the square and the levels of the base of the fountains and palaces, which could not exceed 50 cm.

And the naval battles (naumachie) of which also speak guides and websites? Have nothing to do: put all the popular memory in a cauldron: the name "Navona" (which, as we have said, comes from "ship", but "in Agony"), the Stadium of Domitian (which hosted only athletics), the far deeper circus Coliseum, where instead the real naumachie were possible, and allegories with mock races and "battles" of the nobles of boats on the flooded Piazza Navona in papal era from 1600 onwards. In the square, between 1810 and 1839, there were horse races with jockeys, as in the Palio di Siena.

LA "PIMPACCIA of Piazza Navona. But who was Donna Olimpia, because it was so powerful, and why we talk so much about her Piazza Navona and Rome? To begin with, lived in the palace more beautiful of the square, in the grand and magnificent Palazzo Doria Pamphili, who had threatened to build and then enlarge (Rainaldi, Borromini) and beautify works of art (frescoes by Pietro da Cortona), and then he did give the pope-in-law. The origin of Viterbo Umbrian Maidalchini Olympia, a woman of great character and personality, was more of a cynical and unscrupulous social climber: a woman was so unconventional, ruthless and cunning but also very intelligent, so much to recommend one of the most intelligent of the popes history.
passed from roof to roof, from bed to bed, to the throne in his throne, just to have money, luxury, status and power in particular. Not beautiful, but fascinating, and perhaps with a secret sexual attraction, and the laugh, after having examined many aristocrats of power and money, finally managed to marry the one that the party had to look right: the powerful noble Pamphilio Pamphili family, more than thirty years her senior, who had the good taste to die a few years after leaving her wealthy widow.
From there he began his climb. In a few years became not only the woman, but even the most powerful and feared figures in Rome, a real terrible "Pope Joan" and can make and unmake popes and cardinals, to appoint the bishop and cardinal father the son of direct the Church and the State of the Pope by the brother of the deceased husband, Giovanni Battista Pamphili (Pope Innocent X), a great pope who hung on his lips and receiving as a counselor, and youth, it seems, as a lover. Indeed, it seems that far-sighted and decisive Olympia, the only one to "wear the pants" in the soft Roman Curia, had even helped his brother in law in the ecclesiastical career. Women's certainly a genius, albeit with evil aspects, Olympia was not only skilled in using men and women as pawns in his diabolical game, but also in enriching the heritage, manipulating the will, plundering treasure, and by regularly to sale of benefices, and recommendations (the latter calculated in 500,000 gold crowns). In short, an anticipation, own account, the current economic trend in the most cynical of governments "make money" selling out a bit 'of everything. The pope died, though, and once revealed his intrigues, the successor to Innocent X exiled her. But the death of Olympia, in 1657, made known to the notary had left fewer than 2 million gold crowns.

THE SATIRE AGAINST THE PEOPLE whore. The people had already been given in life every wickedness, transforming it into a ghost of the deceased, the only ghost of Rome, as written by Adele Cambria. And in fact Donna Olimpia fleeing at night in a black cab in flames bringing with them all the gold accumulated, until the horses restless going to throw her into the Tiber and its riches, is a dramatic depiction of the romantic historical nemesis, as well as he could see the Roman populace.
His greed, ingratitude and cruelty went so far as to force it to take possession of the assets even when the pope died, just that the pope had only trusted her, had protected and so powerful. Now that he could not be more than useful left his corpse. For the funeral had taxed his own pocket monsignors some of the Curia.
The satire, of course, broke, and no woman, no character even in Rome, was never the target of criticism and mockery more raw. To read the tickets on the statue of Pasquino, era la famigerata “Pimpaccia di piazza Navona”. E il nomignolo restò, fino a diventare proverbiale. Il suo nome, Olimpia (“Pimpa” in diminutivo romanesco), divenne pretesto per un efficace anagramma di qualche chierico latinista: “ olim pia, nunc impia ”, cioè un tempo pia, ora empia. Fu “un maschio vestito da donna” per la città di Roma, ma per la Chiesa “una donna vestita da maschio”, si leggeva negli epigrammi.

Veniva presa a pretesto anche la sua sessualità senza scrupoli, di volta in volta per arrivare al potere, per ereditare o per il puro piacere. Imitando le targhe che a Roma ricordano nel Centro storico le piene del Tevere, someone depicted naked, a hand with a pointing finger to the abdomen, and the word the same as that of the floods, "From the river came here." But it was the Tiber, was his master bedroom, a cavalier River, with which if intended.

Maccio ', the High Priestess should be reassessed. But a charismatic figure such as that of Donna Olimpia evil can not be only negative. There must of course be positive sides. Has been authoritarian, greedy, cruel and capricious as it was, but it was definitely a woman intelligent and versatile. Not only able to command men, and men powerful, but also to direct and advise in all one of the popes enlightened and active in church history. Other than the short-lived or historically uncertain Pope Joan. The "Pope Joan" Olimpia Pamphili was true that after centuries of abuse now know a new life full of honors, if not praise. There are those who, for one, makes a kind of feminist heroine avant la lettre. To be sure, had the merit of placing intelligence and vitality in falling Roman Curia, as foreshadowed the satire of "male dressed as a woman" in the Curia. The well-known feminist writer Adele Cambria Olympia woman seems to take a liking to charismatic attributing the virtues of "woman power" that is capable of attracting attention on the males, and the woman who defies the conventions with his non-conformist attitude. So much stress positively even a particular sector of his business acumen immoderate criticized in his time. Retracing the footsteps of the Emperor Vespasian and racketeering (" pecunia non olet," money has no smell, would respond to those who took it to heart to make money from the latrines), the "Pimpaccia" It seems that personal taxes riscuotesse brothel . So, you know, "between a bitch and whore" means, could someone comment on the people. But at least, "without flaunting false prudery from virtuous lady," said the wise Cambria. In fact, he adds, "Donna Olimpia gave protection to prostitutes, portandosele dietro in carrozza nei cortei solenni”. Come fare più contenta una femminista storica?

BRUTTURE DI IERI O DI OGGI? MEGLIO LE PRIME. Ecco la storia colorita a forti tinte di piazza Navona. E viste le sue vergogne moderne, “inutili” a differenza di quelle antiche, e dunque ingiustificabili e in contrasto vergognoso con la bellezza della piazza e di Roma, dal mercatino natalizio di plastica ai pittori di croste di cattivo gusto per turisti di bocca buona, agli invadenti tavoli di bar e ristoranti dove si mangia male e a caro prezzo, fino agli assordanti comizi politici e concerti di musica pop, tutti sconci che neanche il sindaco Argan, che era un critico d’arte, riuscì a vietare, nonostante i propositi (Nature's League and we had sent a letter-complaint), that's the "necessary" shame of the ancient square, like the dirt of the market, the arrogance of the nobles, the stage of torture, the intrigues among the powerful, the envy of architects, and the jokes inzaccherature water of bullies, and the cruel ambition of Pimpaccia, we now seem a small thing, and instead of the modern bad taste, indeed, give taste, serve hot pepper to the cultural history of Rome.

of Pope Innocent X is also mentioned in ' article devoted to another "Pope Joan", the Pope Joan, about dell'increscioso "examination" manual della sedia forata (escretoria) effettuato, secondo un testimone dell'epoca, alla sua incoronazione.

IMMAGINI. 1 . Donna Olimpia Maidalchini Pamphilj, detta dal Pasquino la "Pimpaccia" di piazza Navona (ritratto dell'Algardi, part.). 2 . Il mercato settimanale di Piazza Navona in una foto all’albumina (circa 1860). In primo piano il posto dei calderai (artigiani di pentole in rame, zingari) che quasi nascondono la fontana che da loro prendeva nome, ancora senza sculture. 3 . Lo Stadio di Domiziano (ricostruzione), sul cui perimetro fu costruita la piazza “in Agone”, poi Navona. 4. La piazza nel primo Rinascimento: solo un lungo e brutto campo sterrato, con abbeveratoi, animali e tende. 5 . La pena-tortura delle frustate ad una donna, forse prostituta. Nella piazza era eretto in permanenza un palco, come monito per i passanti. 6 . La fontana dei Quattro Fiumi del Bernini in un’antica stampa. 7 . L’ultima volta che la piazza fu allagata, sia pure parzialmente (1870). 8 . Papa Innocenzo X, Pamphilj, cognato, protettore, estimatore e amante di donna Olimpia, in un dipinto del Velasquez.